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What does an exclamation mark mean in a GraphQL schema?

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Types are often followed by exclamation marks in GraphQL schemas. What do they mean?

type User {
    id: Int!
    email: String!
    name: String!
    updatedAt: String!
    createdAt: String!
}

syntax graphql

posted about 2 months ago

CC BY-SA 4.0

2mo ago by Alexei‭

Iizuki‭

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It's a type modifier that means that the field is non-nullable.

That is, when uploading these types you must provide values for these fields, and in turn the server promises to always populate the field in query responses (or return an error if it cannot be done).

Official docs.