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Q&A Why is atoi dangerous and what should be used instead?

According to Which functions in the C standard library must always be avoided?, the atoi family of functions is dangerous and should never be used for any purpose. The rationale given in the answer...

1 answer  ·  posted 20h ago by Lundin‭  ·  last activity 20h ago by Lundin‭

Question c atoi strtol
#1: Initial revision by user avatar Lundin‭ · 2024-12-11T08:59:51Z (about 20 hours ago)
Why is atoi dangerous and what should be used instead?
According to [Which functions in the C standard library must always be avoided?](https://software.codidact.com/posts/286187), the `atoi` family of functions is dangerous and should never be used for any purpose. The rationale given in the answer is this:

> These have no error handling but invoke undefined behavior whenever errors occur. Completely superfluous functions that can be replaced with the `strtol()` family of functions. `strtol(src, NULL, 10)` is per definition 100% equivalent to atoi except with well-defined error handling. References: ISO 9899:2018 7.22.1.2, MISRA-C:2012 rule 21.7.

Where exactly is it said that the functions could invoke undefined behavior and how is the `strtol` (family) guaranteed to be equivalent?