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I don't think there exists a straightforward solution. Likely you can achieve this with rules but you'll have to define and finetune them on each of the jobs. (template jobs may help a bit here.) ...
Answer
#1: Initial revision
I don't think there exists a straightforward solution. Likely you can achieve this with [`rules`](https://docs.gitlab.com/ci/yaml/#rules) but you'll have to define and finetune them on each of the jobs. (template jobs may help a bit here.) I.e. configure some jobs to only run on merges and others only on commits etc. The last resort would be to query the gitlab API in the job's `before_script` and just exit if the response indicates that the job has already run. In this case the job does run though, it would just do *almost nothing*. There is an issue tracking a potential solution for branch merge duplicate pipelines: https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/300146